basic recording

basic/prime/source document, posting/recording medium, primary document

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Recording

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The BBC used the Round-Sykes microphone.

In 1928 Sykes collaborated with W.D.Sternberg of British Homophone to exploit his patents on recording systems.

Sykes's contribution to sound recording lies in the thorough analysis of the basic phenomena in the mechanical side of recording. These analyses are expressed by his many patent applications which merged into complete specifications. His basic patent on electromechanical recording caused a fair amount of litigation in Germany.

(n.) = basic-entry card

Ex. The best method for recording all this information is the system of basic-entry cards combined with overriding slips.

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

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He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.

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1 (index) card (tarjeta).

ficha policial police record

ficha técnica (technical) specifications

2 ticket.

3 token.

4 counter.

5 contract (sport) (contrato).

6 card (computing).

ficha perforada perforated card

7 chip, piece, token.

8 fiche.

9 index card, card, file card, filing card.

10 checker, chequer.

11 record card.

12 scoundrel, rat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: fichar.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: fichar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (tarjeta) index card, file card

2 (de teléfono) token

3 (en juegos) counter; (naipes) chip; (ajedrez) piece, man; (dominó) domino

4 (de un deportista) signing-on fee

\

ficha artística cast

ficha policial police record

ficha técnica technical specifications plural 2 (de película) credits plural

* * *

1) file, record

2) chip, counter

3) token

* * *

1) [en juegos] counter; [en casino] chip; (Telec) token

- mover ficha

2) (=tarjeta) card; [de archivo] index card, record card; [en hotel] registration form

3) CAm, Caribe five-cent piece; CAm * (=moneda) coin

4) Méx [de botella] flat bottle cap

5) And

6) (Dep) signing-on fee

* * *

1) ( para datos) card; ( de fichero) index card

- ficha médica

- ficha policial

2)

a) (de teléfono, estacionamiento) token

b) (Jueg) ( de dominó) domino; ( de damas) checker(AmE), draught (BrE); ( de otros juegos de mesa) counter; (de ruleta, póker) chip

3) (Dep) ( contrato) signing-on fee; ( pago) contract

4) (AmL fam) ( persona de cuidado) rat (colloq)

* * *

= index card, token, card.

Ex. Aperture cards, where the full text of the document is kept in a special index card in the form of a microfiche, have been used for various collections of, for instance, patents and technical drawings.

Ex. They have implemented a voluntary system for libraries of charging for photocopies with flat-rate 5 franc tokens, which can either be re-used by the recipient or cashed in for 4 francs.

Ex. The most convenient manual format for recording terms is to write each term on a card.

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* área de numeración de la ficha = card counter area.

* auxiliar dedicado a la ordenación de fichas = filing clerk.

* basado en fichas = card-based.

* catálogo de fichas = card catalogue, card index.

* cuerpo de la ficha = body of the card.

* de fichas = card-based.

* ficha anotada = annotated card.

* ficha básica = basic-entry card.

* ficha Batten = Batten card.

* ficha catalográfica = catalogue card.

* ficha comentada = annotated card.

* ficha de almacenamiento marginal = marginal storage card.

* ficha de borde perforado = edge notch card.

* ficha de coincidencia óptica = Batten card, optical coincidence card, Peek-a-boo card.

* ficha de dígito terminal = terminal digit card.

* ficha de empalme = electrical connector.

* ficha de juego = playing piece.

* ficha del lector = borrower record.

* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.

* ficha deportiva = sport(s) card.

* ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].

* ficha de referencia = reference entry, reference card.

* ficha de término = term card.

* ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.

* ficha de tres por cinco pulgadas = three-by-five card.

* ficha de unitérminos = uniterm card.

* ficha de ventanilla = aperture card.

* ficha modelo = form.

* ficha peek-a-boo = Peek-a-boo card.

* ficha perforada = punched card.

* ficha principal = main entry card.

* ficha secundaria = added entry card.

* ficha unitérmino de número de registro = accessions card.

* índices postcoordinados de fichas = card based post-coordinate index.

* insertar aguja en un paquete de fichas = needling the pack.

* intercalación de fichas = filing.

* juego de fichas = card set, deck of cards.

* ordenación de fichas = filing.

* Reglas de la ALA para la Intercalación de Fichas de Catálogo = ALA Rules for Filing Catalog Cards.

* sistema de fichas = card based system.

* sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.

* sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.

* * *

1) ( para datos) card; ( de fichero) index card

- ficha médica

- ficha policial

2)

a) (de teléfono, estacionamiento) token

b) (Jueg) ( de dominó) domino; ( de damas) checker(AmE), draught (BrE); ( de otros juegos de mesa) counter; (de ruleta, póker) chip

3) (Dep) ( contrato) signing-on fee; ( pago) contract

4) (AmL fam) ( persona de cuidado) rat (colloq)

* * *

* * *

A (para datos) index card

la policía le abrió ficha the police opened a file on him

property details

medical records (pl)

police record

technical specifications (pl)

1 (de teléfono, estacionamiento) token

introducir la ficha por la ranura insert the token in the slot

2 ( Jueg) (de dominó) domino; (de damas) checker ( AmE), draught ( BrE); (de otros juegos de mesa) counter; (de ruleta, póker) chip

C ( Dep) (contrato) signing-on fee; (pago) contract

D ( AmL fam) (persona de cuidado) rat ( colloq)

¡qué ficha resultó ser el novio de Alicia! Alicia's fiancé turned out to be a real rat o ( BrE) a really nasty piece of work! ( colloq)

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

◊ ficha médica medical records (pl);

a) (de teléfono, estacionamiento) token

b) (Jueg) ( de dominó) domino;

a) [ policía] to open a file on

b) [equipo/club] to sign (up)

* * *

ficha nf

1. [tarjeta] (index) card;

rellene esta ficha con sus datos fill in your details on this card

ficha técnica [de producto] (technical) specifications;

2. [de guardarropa, aparcamiento] token

3. [de teléfono] token

4. [de juego] counter;

5. Dep [contrato] contract

6. Informát card

7. Comp

ser buena ficha to be a Br nasty o US real piece of work

* * *

1 file card, index card

2 en juegos de mesa counter; en un casino chip; en damas checker, Br

draught; en ajedrez man, piece

3 TELEC token

4 L.Am.

ser una ficha fam be tough o

formidable

* * *

ficha nf

1) : index card

2) : file, record

3) : token

4) : domino, checker, counter, poker chip

* * *

ficha n

1. (tarjeta) card

2. (en juegos) counter

3. (en dominó) domino

4. (informe) file / record

(n.) = overriding slip

Ex. The best method for recording all this information is the system of basic-entry cards combined with overriding slips.

* * *

1 right-hand, right.

2 straight, upright, erect, standing.

3 uncurved, unbowed.

4 dextral.

5 according to law, uncrooked.

straight on, straight, straightly.

1 right, legitimate faculty, individual right, just claim.

2 law.

3 prerogative.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 right

■ la mano derecha the right hand

2 (recto) straight, upright

■ el cuadro no está derecho the picture isn't straight

► adverbio derecho

1 straight

■ se fue derecho a la cama he went straight to bed

■ siga derecho go straight on

► nombre masculino derecho

1 (leyes) law

■ ha estudiado derecho she studied law

2 (privilegio) right

■ los derechos de las minorías the rights of minority groups

3 (de una tela, calcetín, etc) right side

► nombre masculino plural derechos

1 (impuestos) duties, taxes; (tarifa) fees

\

con derecho a with the right to

¿con qué derecho...? what right...?

■ ¿con qué derecho te marchaste? what right did you have to leave?

dar derecho to entitle to

■ el billete te da derecho a jugar media hora the ticket entitles you to play for half an hour

de derecho by right

estar en su derecho to be within one's rights

no hacer nada a derechas figurado to do nothing right

¡no hay derecho! it's not fair!

'Reservados todos los derechos' "All rights reserved"

'Se reserva el derecho de admisión' "The management reserves the right to refuse admission"

ser un hombre hecho y derecho figurado to be a real man

tener derecho a to be entitled to, have the right to

■ nadie tiene derecho a quejarse nobody is entitled to complain

derecho civil civil law

derecho de admisión right sing to refuse admission

derecho mercantil commercial law, mercantile law

derecho penal criminal law

derecho político constitutional law

derechos civiles civil rights

derechos de aduana customs duties

derechos de autor royalties

derechos de matrícula registration fees

derechos de sucesión death duties

derechos humanos human rights

el derecho al voto the right to vote

► adverbio

1 straight

■ se fue derecho a la cama he went straight to bed

■ siga derecho go straight on

► nombre masculino

* * *

1) law

2) right

•

- derechos civiles

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

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After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.

Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics, Recording

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Lauste was a prolific inventor who as a 22-year-old had more than fifty patents to his name. He joined Edison's West Orange Laboratory as Assistant to W.K.L. Dickson in 1887; he was soon involved in the development of early motion pictures, beginning an association with the cinema that was to dominate the rest of his working life. He left Edison in 1892 to pursue an interest in petrol engines, but within two years he returned to cinematography, where, in association with Major Woodville Latham, he introduced small but significant improvements to film-projection systems. In 1900 an interest in sound recording, dating back to his early days with Edison, led Lauste to begin exploring the possibility of recording sound photographically on film alongside the picture. In 1904 he moved to England, where he continued his experiments, and by 1907 he had succeeded in photographing a sound trace and picture simultaneously, each image occupying half the width of the film.

Despite successful demonstrations of Lauste's system on both sides of the Atlantic, he enjoyed no commercial success. Handicapped by lack of capital, his efforts were finally brought to an end by the First World War. In 1906 Lauste had filed a patent for his sound-on-film system, which has been described by some authorities as the master patent for talking pictures. Although this claim is questionable, he was the first to produce a practicable scund-on-film system and establish the basic principles that were universally followed until the introduction of magnetic sound.

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1 industry.

industria alimentaria food industry

industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry

industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry

industria del ocio leisure industry

industria punta sunrise industry

2 factory.

3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) industry

2 (fábrica) factory

\

industria terciaria tertiary industry

* * *

* * *

1) (Com) industry

2) (=fábrica) factory

3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness

4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

= industry, industrial organisation.

Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.

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* científico de la industria = industrial scientist.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* estándar de la industria = industry standard.

* industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.

* industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.

* industria agrícola = agro-industry.

* industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.

* industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria alimentaria = food industry.

* industria alimenticia = food industry.

* industria artesanal = cottage industry.

* industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.

* industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.

* industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.

* industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].

* industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.

* industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.

* industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.

* industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.

* industria del acero = steel industry.

* industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.

* industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.

* industria de la confección = clothing industry.

* industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.

* industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.

* industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.

* industria de la edición = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición impresa = print industry.

* industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.

* industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.

* industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.

* industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.

* industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.

* industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.

* industria de la información, la = information industry, the.

* industria de la informática = computer industry.

* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.

* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.

* industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.

* industria de la madera = timber industry.

* industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.

* industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria de la propiedad = property industry.

* industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.

* industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.

* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.

* industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.

* industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.

* industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.

* industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.

* industria del carbón = coal industry.

* industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.

* industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria del cuero = leather industry.

* industria del espectáculo, la = show business.

* industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.

* industria del gas = gas industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.

* industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.

* industria de los alimentos = food industry.

* industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.

* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria del papel = paper industry.

* industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.

* industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.

* industria del software, la = software industry, the.

* industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.

* industria del turismo = tourism industry.

* industria del vestir = clothing industry.

* industria de servicios = service industry.

* industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.

* industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.

* industria editorial = book industry.

* industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria energética = energy industry, energy company.

* industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.

* industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.

* industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.

* industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.

* industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria ligera = light industry.

* industria maderera = timber industry.

* industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.

* industria marina, la = marine industry, the.

* industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.

* industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.

* industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.

* industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.

* industria papelera = paper industry.

* industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.

* industria pesada = heavy industry.

* industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.

* industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.

* industria química = chemical industry.

* industria química, la = chemical industry, the.

* industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.

* industria textil = textile industry.

* industria turística = tourism industry.

* industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.

* la industria de la informática = computer industry.

* Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.

* norma de la industria = industry standard.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.

* sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.

* trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

* * *

A ( Com, Econ) industry

la industria de la construcción the construction industry

cottage industry

motor industry, car industry

cottage industry

telecommunications industry

sex industry

space industry

light industry

arms o weapons industry, defense* industry

heavy industry

fishing industry

staple industries (pl)

iron and steel industry

1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry

2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity

* * *

◊ industria del turismo tourist industry;

* * *

industria nf

1. [sector] industry

industria armamentística arms industry;

industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;

industria en expansión growth industry;

industria ligera light industry;

industria del ocio leisure industry;

industria pesada heavy industry;

industria punta sunrise industry;

industria textil textile industry;

industria de transformación manufacturing industry;

industria del turismo tourist industry;

industria turística tourist industry

2. [fábrica] factory

3. [habilidad] industry, hard work

* * *

1 actividad, sector industry